The growing knowledge of medical communication is associated with conducting scientific research. The purpose of this analysis was to review scientific literature in the field of research on interpersonal communication between a physician and a patient. We conducted a review of 2013–2017 worldwide scientific literature concerning research on communication in healthcare. The searching strategy encompassed three databases and three search engines. When searching for collections of articles, a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) words: “patient,” “physician,” “communication,” “measurement” was used. The result was 29 empirical articles. The topics of works included a discussion on specific issues concerning communication with patients suffering from various diseases, an analysis of procedures for involving patients in making health-related decisions, presentation of research findings on the effectiveness of communication in prevention and treatment in adults, and a psychometric analysis of tools used to measure the interpersonal communication process in healthcare. There is no randomised research showing directional relationships between the types of communication used and changes in patient behaviour, and the applied methods and research tools require further improvement. What is also required in clinical practice is the popularisation of good communication practices by organising training sessions for physicians and patients.